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Who were the Ancient Canaanites?
If you have not yet had the chance to visit Introduction and Temple Classroom, you may wish to do so before exploring this page. This page is devoted to modern practices of Natib Qadish, revived or reconstructed Canaanite religion, Canaanite rituals, and Canaanite magic.
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A Sipru Chukmi is a "Text of Wisdom." Keeping a Sipru Chukmi is a modern practice, although it is comparable to the ancient scribes of Ugarit writing down their tales and incantations. The practices you will find on this page are modern but based on old ideas.(1) The ancients left to us enough information about their rituals to get an idea of what they used to do, but many specifics were left out or texts have been damaged through time.
Keeping a Sipru Chukmi is a modern practice because although the ancients wrote some of their religious and spiritual knowledge on clay tablets, the rest of the population would not have access to the tablets. Indeed, to the illiterate public, writing very well may have seemed a magical act in its own right. Even though the Ugaritians had a 30-sign cuneiform alphabet, the international language of the day was Assyrian, written in a 300-sign system.
Scribes would attend school for many years before they could work professionally as scribes. Texts were written using a wedge-shaped stylus imprinted into wet clay tablets; the clay tablets were then dried and fired. Texts may also have been written on papyrus, but unlike the dry Egyptian climate, the Canaanite climate was too wet to preserve papyrus.
If you should decide to keep a Sipru Chukmi, you may wish to write it in a notebook, in a blank journal, or keep one in a 3-ring binder. All of these are more practical and portable than the old clay tablets, but if you wish to try your hand at clay tablets, have fun! A Sipru Chukmi should probably be written in one’s primary language for ease and access to the information; I don’t suggest starting out with one written entirely in Ugaritic cuneiform signs.
A Sipru Chukmi can contain, but is not limited to: the Shanatu Qadishti, notes for different festivals, information and personal thoughts regarding the old texts, notes on history, magic (should you wish to practice magic), poetry, information regarding divination devices and your readings, dreams and dream interpretations, notes on history, and information and personal experiences regarding the deities. You may even wish to keep an ongoing journal containing your spiritual thoughts and experiences.
What I have included here in this online Sipru Chukmi are some samples of information that one may write in one’s own Sipru Chukmi. These regard some of the actual practices of a modern-day Qadish.
(1)For more information on where these practices originate, see Dawson, Tess. Whisper of Stone: Modern Canaanite Religion, Natib Qadish. O-Books, UK, 2009.

Some of the information regarding ritual comes from the Tale of the Gracious Gods, Shachar and Shalim;(1) nonetheless, this is a modern ritual, with modern elements to it, and is not the same as what the ancients would have done. The ritual form that follows is for a solitary Qadish, not an Umatu (group of practicing Qadishuma). This ritual form is certainly not "set in stone" and often changes and can change as need be. There are also other ritual forms, this is a very basic form.
Offering of Light (optional): One may offer a prayer such as: I light this oil lamp to celebrate the interweaving of Wind, Desire, and Firmament. In lighting this lamp, I honor the creation of the universe. I remember and give honor. Light a pottery oil lamp or candle. This is based loosely on ideas from Jewish liturgy for Shabbat, combined with a cosmogony from Philo of Byblos's The Phoenician History.1. There are many translations of the Birth of the Gracious Gods, Shachar and Shalim. To name a couple, see:
Gibson, John C.L. Canaanite Myths and Legends, 2 nd Edition. T. and T. Clark, Ltd., Edinburgh, 1978.
Parker, Simon B., ed. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Society of Biblical Literature, U.S.A., 1997.
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Please see Chudthu in the Feast Hall for more information regarding new moon celebrations.
Preparation: It may be a good idea to read this meditation into a tape recorder. This would make it easier to keep your eyes closed and concentrate on the meditation instead of having to stop, open eyes, and read the next step in the meditation, which can break concentration. Or, a friend or partner read it the meditation aloud. Have pen and paper ready so that you can write about your experience afterwards. Find a comfortable position. Try not to lie down, because this could lead to sleep. Remember to breathe deeply all throughout the process and leave time throughout the meditation to breathe and relax.
Meditation:
Breathe deeply and focus your mind. This meditation is focused on the god 'Ilu. Find an outdoor place to sit and meditate, if possible. If you are comfortable doing so, close your eyes. If not, it is acceptable to watch all creatures great and small, so long as you can maintain your focus.
Take time to experience your senses.
Inhale, Exhale.
What do you feel?
Inhale, exhale.
What do you taste?
Inhale, exhale.
What do you smell?
Inhale, exhale.
What do you hear?
Inhale, exhale.
What thoughts seem to cross your mind, as fleeting as a cloud in the wind?
Inhale, exhale.
Begin to feel each of your senses tingle, spark with the deities' presences. Begin to realize that with every inhalation, with every sensation, you are pulling in the very essence of 'Ilu, whose presence resides in all things created.
Inhale, exhale.
Inhale, you take in 'Ilu's divine presence.
Exhale, you release your mundane day-to-day thoughts and activities.
Inhale, exhale.
Inhale exhale.
Inhale, you take the Breath of Ilu into your body. Exhale, you release all that is within you that you do not need. Inhale, exhale.
Inhale, exhale.
Inhale, exhale.
His divine napshu, his soul of creation fills and activates your body. Your atoms, your cells, the very essence of your physical and emotional structure heals, realigns, re-creates itself as you allow yourself to open completely to the divine presence.
Feel 'Ilu pouring through you.
Inhale, exhale.
Inhale, exhale.
Inhale, exhale.
The passion, the tender love, the healing, the wholeness, the creativity, the exquisite beauty, the energy pours through you. The energy is qadish, holy, and it fills you. As it fills you and fulfills you, you too are shining and holy, qadish.
Inhale, exhale.
Inhale, exhale.
Inhale, exhale.
If you wish, allow this napshu to push through your hands and direct it to a part of your body that needs healing, a part of your life where you would benefit from guidance, or direct it to the land for healing and peace.
Open your eyes, if you had them closed, and sit for a few moments in quiet reverie before moving on to your day-to-day activities.
If you keep a mediation journal or a Sipru Chukmi, write down your experiences from this meditation.
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Tess's Own Recipe for Canaanite-style Fruit Cakes
Gather together an assortment of dried fruit: raisins, currants, figs, dates. If the figs and dates are whole, chop them into small pieces. Place the fruit in a bowl and add just enough water to barely cover the fruit. Let this sit for a couple of hours.
Cakes of raisins are called tsamquma; dablatu are cakes of pressed figs.
Recipe for Mesopotamian Sbetu Roles
This recipe excerpted and paraphrased from Ancient Egyptians and Their Neighbors by Marian Broida(1).
A quick note: if the Mesopotamians were using milk in a recipe, they would use it in the morning as it would sour by afternoon, and I'm not sure if they would have had access to baking powder, but still, it could be a useful and tasty recipe.
(1) Broida, Marian. Ancient Egyptians and Their Neighbors: An Activity Guide. Chicago Review Press, 1999.
For more information on cooking in the Ancient Near East, see Bottéro, Jean. Translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. The Oldest Cuisine in the World: Cooking in Mesopotamia. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004.
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Some of the herbs listed here are poisonous and not for human consumption. This list is intended solely for understanding the historic context of these plants.
Acacia
May have been the wood of the Israelite Ark of the Covenant. Brown, Michael. The Jewish Gardening Cookbook: Growing Plants and Cooking for Holidays and Festivals. Jewish Lights Publishing, Long Hill Partners, Inc., Woodstock, VT, 1998, p. 164.
Almond
(The bitter almond is not for internal consumption). The bitter almond is not the same as the sweet almond we are accustomed to,(1) the ancients probably had the bitter almond, and there is a possibility that they may have had sweet almond, too. There is a text which speaks of using bitter almond in an equestrian cure. Almond represents spring. In later Christian tradition, the almond may be associated with Mother Mary.
Carob (2)
Because of carob's dark color, I associate it with earth, soil, and the underworld.
Cedar
An important wood for building. Cedar is associated with Ba'al,(3) and his lightning is often called his "cedars." The Egyptians used cedar oil for healing and in their embalming and mummification rituals.(4)
Coriander
In some translations, Anat anoints herself with coriander-infused oil.(5) In The Birth of the Gracious Gods, ritual participants simmer coriander in milk,(6) so I often associate Shachar of Dawn and Shalim of Dusk with coriander, but specifically Shachar.
Date Palm
May be associated with Athirat as the tree of life and knowledge. Possibly associated with the Mesopotamian goddess Inanna. Provides shade, shelter, and food, and serves as a marker for locations with water. Date palm has been cultivated in the area since 3700 BCE.(7)
Dill (8)
Perhaps dill, in Jewish or Israelite lore symbolizes understanding the larger context instead of getting lost in details. (Cite this!!)
Fennel
The modern-day name of Ugarit is Ras Shamra, which means "head of fennel." (9)
Fig
There is evidence of fig in the archaeological record dating to 5000 BCE in Gezer. (10) In Israelite and Jewish lore a fig may symbolize peace and prosperity because years of peace are required to tend an orchard. (Cite this!!)
Flax
The fiber used to make linen cloth.(11) Linen was the preferred cloth for priestly garments(12), clothes for the wealthy, and burial shrouds.
Frankincense
An incense resin. By 1400 BCE, the Egyptians were importing frankincense from Africa.(13) In Egypt, frankincense was considered "sustenance of the gods." Fletcher, Joann. Oils and Perfumes of Ancient Egypt. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1999, p. 53.
Garlic: Archaeologists have found garlic in Egyptian tombs.(14)
Grains: Most likely these grains include emmer, barley, and perhaps spelt. Grain is sacred to the God Dagnu. Grain may also symbolize not only life, but death as well.
Grapes: Grapes are sacred to 'Ilu; an offering of a bunch of grapes is made to 'Ilu on chudthu (new moon) of the month of Ra'shu Yeni.(15) Mot in the tale of the Birth of the Gracious Gods/Shachar and Shalim is treated as if an overgrown grapevine.(16)
Henna: In ancient texts, as a part of ritual, participants would paint their bodies with a red paint.(17) This paint was a red dye made from murex or a staining mud made from henna. Part of later Egyptian embalming practices involved painting the hands and feet of the deceased with henna.(18)
Hyssop: This herb was used for purification in biblical lore. There is some debate whether the hyssop of ancient times is the same plant that we know as hyssop today or if it is more closely related to marjoram.(19)
Itsuma Qadishi: Sacred Wood
These three woods are mentioned in an ancient Canaanite text as having healing or curitive powers when shaken together:(20)
Tamarisk:'Ar ‘ar
Date Palm: Sassinamu
Reed: Adatuma
Leek: a member of the onion family.(21) Its use is noted in Mesopotamian cooking.(22)
Mandrake: In one translation of the Ba‘lu Haddi texts, Anat buries a piece of mandrake in the ground as a peace offering.(23)
Mint: Mesopotamian sources note the use of mint.(24) In a translation of the Birth of the Gracious Gods, ritual participants simmer mint in butter.(25)
Myrrh: (moru) This herb was prized by the ancients for its "sweetness" which could, as legend has it, alleviate the "bitterness" of illness or poisoning by scorpion sting or snake bite.(26)
Olive: olive oil is often used in offerings, and is also used to make shamnu mori (myrrh oil) and shamnu raqachi (spiced oil)
Papyrus: Papyrus was only available in southern Canaan, near Egypt.(27) Canaanite art has occasionally made use of a papyrus motif.(28)
Parsley, flat: The Egyptians had access to parsley.(29)
Pistachio: Mesopotamians in the city of Mari used pistachio in their mersu cakes.(30)
Pomegranate: Pomegranates are noted in Mesopotamian sources and in Ugaritic art.(31)
Sesame: Sesame is noted on Mycenaean tablets from about the 1300's BCE. (32)
Terebinth: This tree, in biblical times, may bear an association to the title 'ilatu (Hebrew elatu), which means "goddess." (33)
Wormwood, Artemisia: (not for internal consumption) Biblical writers often used wormwood as an example of bitterness.(34)
1. Cohen, Chaim and Danial Sivan. The Ugaritic Hippiatric Texts: A Critical Edition. American Oriental Society, New Haven, CT, 1983, p. 23.
2. Bottéro, Jean. Translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. The Oldest Cuisine in the World: Cooking in Mesopotamia. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004, p. 102.
3.Parker, Simon B., ed. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Society of Biblical Literature, U.S.A., 1997, p. 137. Smith, Mark S. The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, Volume I: Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU 1.1-1.2. E.J. Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands, 1994, p. 340.
4. Lawless, Julia. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils. Barnes and Noble, 1999, p. 108; Tour Egypt, Edwin Smith Papyrus
5.
Parker 107
6. Gibson, John C.L. Canaanite Myths and Legends, 2nd Edition. T. and T. Clark, Ltd., Edinburgh, 1978, p. 123.
7.
Zohary, Michael. Plants of the Bible. Cambridge University Press, 1982, p. 60. Renfrew in Jack Sasson et al., eds., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1995, p. 192.
8. Zohary 88
9. Curtis, Adrian. Ugarit (Ras Shamra). William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, p. 18.
10. Zohary 58
11.
Zohary 78
12. Ackerman, Susan. "Asherah, the West Semitic Goddess of Spinning and Weaving?" Journal of Near Eastern Studies (JNES), 67, no. 1, University of Chicago, 2008, p. 27.
13. Dalby, Andrew. Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA , 2000, p. 124-5.
14.
Renfrew in Sasson 192
15. Pardee, Dennis. Ritual and Cult at Ugarit. Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, Georgia. 2002, p. 63.
16. Parker 208
17. Parker 14
18. Bryan in
Cooper, Jerold S. and Glenn M. Schwartz, ed. The Study of the Ancient Near East in the 21 st Century. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake , IN, 1996, p. 69.
19. Zahory 96; Gilbert in Sasson 156.
20. Pardee 159, 178.
21. Zohary 80
22.
Bottéro 26
23. Gibson 49
24. Bottéro 30
25. Gibson 123
26. Pardee 171
27. Zohary 137
28.
Bryan in Cooper and Schwartz 69
29.
Renfrew in Sasson 199
30. Bottéro 23
31. Bottéro 101, Curtis 24
32. Dalby 124
33.
Pardee 279; Zohary 108. Binger, Tilde. Asherah: Goddesses in Ugarit , Israel , and the Old Testament. Sheffield Academic Press, Ltd., Sheffield, England , 1997, pgs. 53, 135.
34.
Zohary 34, 184
For more information on herbs, see Zohary, Michael. Plants of the Bible. Cambridge University Press, 1982. The Canaanites may or may not have had access to all the plants in this book because most of those listed are known from the Iron Age and later, but it is a good place to begin.
Some of the herbs listed here are poisonous and not for human consumption. This list is intended solely for understanding the historic context of these plants. Please exercise caution and good judgment. This information is not intended for diagnosis or treatment.
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Some of the items listed here are poisonous and not for human consumption, contact with the body or cosmetic use. Please exercise caution and good judgment. This list is intended solely for understanding the historic context of these items. This information is not intended for diagnosis or treatment.
Exodus 28:17-20 lists twelve stones, each of them representing a tribe of Israel. These are Israelite references and may or may not be connected to earlier Canaanite ideas, but are interesting and may be of use. The twelve stones may have include carnelian, chrysolite, emerald, turquoise, sapphire, amethyst, jacinth, agate, crystal, beryl, lapis, and jasper.
1. Parker, Simon B., ed. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Society of Biblical Literature, U.S.A., 1997, p. 23.
2.
Nakhai, Beth Alpert. Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel. The American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston , MA , 2001, pgs. 129-30.
3.
Nakhai 88, 98, 127-8, 130, 143.
4.
Nakhai 102, 106, 128, 130, 145, 147-8.
5.
Carnegie Museum of Natural History
6.
Nakhai 94, 140, 143.
7.
Nakhai 171
8. Wright, David P. Ritual in Narrative: The Dynamics of Feasting, Mourning, and Retaliation Rites in the Ugaritic Tale of Aqhat. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake , IN, 2001, p. 147, 149.
9.
Bar-Yosef, Ofer. “The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture.” Evolutionary Anthropology, Wiley-Liss, Inc., 1998. Carnegie Museum of Natural History
10. El Mahady, Christine. Mummies, Myth, and Magic in Ancient Egypt. Thames and Hudson, Inc., New York , 1989, p. 58.
11. Parker 106
12. Traditions of Magic in Late Antiquity: University of Michigan
13.
Nakhai 93-4
14.
Tubb, Jonathan N. Canaanites. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 1998, p. 31. Hall 305
Some of the items listed here are poisonous and not for human consumption, contact with the body or cosmetic use. Please exercise caution and good judgment. This list is intended solely for understanding the historic context of these items. This information is not intended for diagnosis or treatment.
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For many people, writing in an ancient alphabet is a magical process. Writing in a different alphabet can impart a sense of mystery. If you wish to use the Ugaritic alphabet, you can use the letters to spell out words in your own language or you can do some extra research and write using the Ugaritic letters for words in the Ugaritic language.

The above table is from Omniglot.
Ugaritic is typically written with a wedge-shaped stylus. Here is one method of making such a stylus, according to Marion Broida in her children's activity book Ancient Egyptians and Their Neighbors:
"Cut the [square wooden] chopstick in two. Make your cut through the square handle, near the middle of the chopstick, so that one end forms a square. You'll use this end to press into the clay... . Practice making wedges by pressing the square end of the chopstick into the clay at an angle with your right hand so that you get a triangle shape with the thin tail made by the chopstick's edge. (If you use your left hand, the wedges will come out backward.)... Now make a different kind of wedge. This one looks a little like an angelfish. Hold the stylus nearly upright. Press the left corner into the clay."
Experiment a bit. Ugaritic may also be written with a pencil or pen by drawing each shape, triagles with tails.
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A communication bowl for the Rapi'uma:
Later Mesopotamian traditions often used bowls in magic. See Traditions of Magic in Late Antiquity: University of Michigan.
A protection bowl: 
A house-amulet for protection or blessing
An amulet to wear
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Whisper of Stone: Natib Qadish, Modern Canaanite Religion
available in bookstores and online.
Order through Amazon.com or Order with Amazon.co.uk.
Retailers: Order through National Book Network (NBN) or contact me: admin at canaanitepath.com
Anointed: A Devotional Anthology for the Deities of the Near and Middle East
Available through some bookstores on request, and online. Proceeds go towards funding more anthologies and to charities. For details about charities see Bibliotheca Alexandrina.
Order through Amazon.com or through Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Retailers: Order through Ingram Baker & Taylor or contact me: admin at canaanitepath.com
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Contact me: admin at canaanitepath.com
All original written work on this site is copyright © 2005, 2008, 2011 Tess Dawson, unless otherwise noted.
Please do not use without permission, proper crediting, and a link to my site.
All original artwork and photographs on this site are copyright © 2005, 2008, 2011 Tess Dawson, unless otherwise noted.
Please do not use without permission, proper crediting, and a link to my site.
Natib Qadish: Modern Canaanite Polytheism is a site about Canaanite religion, also called Canaanite revivalism, or Canaanite reconstructionism. This site explores topics of interest for people who practice Canaanite religion, information regarding the ancient Canaanites themselves, and includes both ancient Canaanite religion and its modern counterpart. This page covers aspects of Canaanite magic.